A specific feature of Ukrainian agribusiness is formation of major agricultural holdings comprising a significant amount of smaller companies incorporated both in Ukraine and abroad. Such smaller companies are often the main holders of the business’ assets, which assets include the rights to land, infrastructural objects together with equipment and machinery, goods both already produced and yet in the process of production, business’ liabilities and receivables. Of the above, access to land is frequently a primary reason for M&A deals, thus, the disputes arising of such deals will inevitably come across the land bank issue, but not only.

At the pre-sale stage contracting parties have to be very well informed as to the kind of assets they enter into the deal with. This is, first and foremost, relevant to the technical state of infrastructural objects as well as equipment and machinery, quantity and quality of goods, extent of business’ liabilities and amount of funds to be received. Each of these will be addressed in more detail below, now it is suffice to say that payment of the purchase price will directly depend on the adequacy of the pre-sale due diligence reports.

Payment of the purchase price in M&A deals involving complex businesses and numerous assets is usually broken down into several stages, whereby the buyer shall pay to the seller an agreed proportion of the purchase price prior to, or shortly after, signing of the respective M&A contract, with the rest of the price payable by several instalments subject to the results of the post-sale due diligence. In this relation, the M&A contract will, no doubt, specify each of the parties’ post-sale obligations as well as warranties and indemnities, especially where the contract is subject to English law and arbitration (and most often it is). However, while before the sale the seller is the one who has control over the business’ assets, post-sale the seller loses its control and the buyer literally “takes it all” with much room for various manipulations.

Land Bank. In Europe an agricultural company cultivating two to three thousands of hectares of land is already considered a major one. In Ukraine, however, a company cultivating less than 5 thousands of hectares of land will not even be listed among top 100 agricultural companies. According to open sources the largest land bank holder in Ukraine cultivates more than 650,000 hectares of land with the next two companies in the list holding a land bank of around 400,000 hectares of land. But why does the amount matter?

First and foremost, it should be mentioned that the State of Ukraine does not have proper control over the country’s land resources. Despite certain governmental attempts to introduce the legislative amendments and conduct inventory of the land, the reality remains as it is: significant amount of land, whether owned by the State or private companies and persons, is either difficult or impossible to trace on paper.

Now, the Land Code of Ukraine is very strict in that agricultural land cannot be owned by neither foreign persons nor foreign legal entities. At the same time, the largest land bank holder in Ukraine is registered in Cyprus, the next company in the list is registered in Luxembourg and the list can be continued. Similarly, smaller companies comprising such holdings are often incorporated in foreign countries which means that, in fact, “Ukrainian” agricultural companies cannot, and do not own agricultural land in Ukraine, but lease it from thousands of landlords, with each of such landlords holding in average three to five hectares of land. By way of simple math, for the largest Ukrainian land bank holder the above means conclusion of around 200,000 separate land lease agreements, each of which agreements must be registered with the respective state authorities in order to ensure company’s right to lawfully cultivate the land – something that, we have to admit, is far from being Ukrainian reality.

In the circumstances, it becomes possible for the sellers to misrepresent the amount of land in their possession pre-sale and, correspondingly, for the buyers to deny post-sale that certain land has, indeed, been transferred to them. Once the dispute comes to arbitration, the lawyers will have to conduct an extensive disclosure exercise and analysis in their attempt to find out the truth. With thousands of hectares of land involved, such exercise will result in significant costs for both parties, regrettably, with no guarantees to be given.

Speaking about infrastructural objects we mean, in the first place, production and storage facilities coming with the respective equipment and machinery. Potential area for the dispute here is their technical state and, thus, their value. While the contracting parties usually have quite an accurate common understanding with regard to the objects already built as well as equipment and machinery, the objects yet under construction or reconstruction remain the grey area, which allows the sellers to insist on an excessively high price of such objects. In their turn, post-sale, the buyers may be taking various steps aimed at destruction of infrastructural objects with the purpose of decreasing their value. The latter is specifically relevant where, as we have already mentioned, the primary reason for the deal is getting access to the agricultural land bank.

Once the dispute is brought on the surface, the matter will largely involve fact finding and expert examination. Depending on the contents of the M&A contract, potential issues to be referred to the experts may concern the technical state of the objects at question both before the sale and at later stages and, further, determination of their value for the purposes of the purchase price corrections.

The main issue concerning goods is their actual quantity and quality. Should the post-sale due diligence envisage their revision, the M&A contract has to be construed so as to prevent the buyers’ possible manipulations with stock and, in case such manipulations are identified, impose on the buyers adequate liability. In our practice, we have come across the buyer’s uncontrolled dispatches of goods post-sale, in which circumstances it was no longer possible to determine the quantity of goods in fact transferred by the seller after the contract had been signed.  The same is absolutely relevant to the quality of goods, in particular given that the very storage conditions can lead to their deterioration.

Similar to the above, once the dispute is brought on the surface, the fact finding, disclosure and expert examination exercises will have to be conducted. Potentiall issues to be referred to the experts will primarily concern determination of the pre- and post-sale quality of goods and whether any changes in quality could have been caused by improper storage or any other actions of the new owner.

The disputes relating to business’ liabilities and receivables are more frequent but less complicated if compared to the above discussed items. Certain undisclosed liabilities can transpire post-sale, however, these are easily traceable and, as a rule, buyers’ respective rights are protected by various legal mechanisms set forth in M&A contracts. In circumstances where the purchase price additionally depends on the amount receivables in fact collected by the buyers post-sale, it is important to ensure that M&A contracts contain legal mechanisms to protect sellers’ rights against buyers’ possible manipulations. Both issues are largely a matter of legal construction and approach while fact finding exercise will still be required.

To sum up the above, the authors are of the view that a thorough pre-sale due diligence of the business subject to sale cannot be overestimated, and is of equal importance both for the sellers and the buyers. Furthermore, M&A contracts themselves should be carefully drafted by competent lawyers, having deep knowledge of, and extensive expertise in, the agricultural field. Such an approach would ensure smooth transfer of ownership and decrease the number of disputes arising out of M&A deals.

The article was publishes in the 2014 edition of the Ukrainian Law Firms: A Handbook for Foreign Clients (available in English only).

Full version of the article can be found here.

Authors: Andrey Astapov, Managing Partner of AstapovLawyers, Anna Kombikova, Senior Associate